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鈥淪ome of those conversations, I just can鈥檛 jump in like that,鈥� one of the fathers in our told us. We were interviewing fathers about their experience talking with their teenagers about sex and relationships. Many expressed what this father did: Talking about these topics can be hard, and it would be helpful to have some guidance on how to go about it.

Research has shown that when fathers talk with their teenage children about sex, it can protect teens from risky sexual behavior. But few fathers actually talk with their teens about sex, and those who do report not talking very often. Most research on this topic focuses on mothers, and few interventions (i.e., educational programs) to promote parent-teen talk about sex are tailored for fathers. To develop interventions that effectively support fathers, we need a better understanding of fathers鈥� goals and challenges for talk with their teens about sexual issues and what they want an intervention program to look like.

My research team and I interviewed 43 fathers of high school-aged teens (age 14-18) to find out about their experiences. We asked them about talking with their teens about dating, sex, and relationships; their attitudes toward a potential intervention to support father-teen talk about dating, sex, and relationships; and for feedback about the structure and content of a potential intervention.

The most striking aspect of our was that fathers were enthusiastic about the idea of an intervention that could guide them in these conversations. This is surprising given low rates of father participation in parent-based sex education programs. Fathers connected their interest in an intervention to the challenges they face in talking with their teens about sex and relationships, such as discomfort with talking about sex and not knowing how to start a conversation. Many said that it鈥檚 especially hard to talk with their daughters about sex and relationships, but they also shared a belief that their perspectives and experiences as men could offer useful insight, no matter their teen鈥檚 gender.

NFL players come into a training camp, you have rookies, you have mid-level guys, and then you have the old grizzly veterans, and they all share information with each other and learn from one another . . . I think that it鈥檚 important for men to be able to learn from other men and to share their experiences so that they can improve each other.

When it comes to an intervention, fathers wanted something more peer-based or interactive than most existing programs. They wanted the opportunity to share experiences and learn from other fathers, especially in the context of programs led by people with backgrounds similar to theirs.

鈥淣FL players come into a training camp, you have rookies, you have mid-level guys, and then you have the old grizzly veterans, and they all share information with each other and learn from one another,鈥� said one of the fathers we talked to. 鈥淚 think that it鈥檚 important for men to be able to learn from other men and to share their experiences so that they can improve each other.鈥�

The fathers we spoke with talked about the importance of discussing topics essential to protecting their teens from harmful experiences such as unhealthy relationships, teen pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections. They recognized the importance of talking about consent, which is significant: prior research doesn鈥檛 show much focus on consent when parents talk to their teens, and most school-based sex ed programs don鈥檛 address it.

Knowing what to talk about is obviously important, but the fathers we spoke with were just as interested in learning how to talk about it, as well as when and how often. One father told us he wanted 鈥渕ore tricks, more tools, more things to help to get the conversation going鈥� things to ease awkwardness.鈥�

Given the potential of conversations between fathers and teens to protect teens鈥� sexual health, and the lack of existing programs designed to support fathers in these conversations, it鈥檚 clear that a useful and engaging intervention is needed. With this study, we鈥檙e moving closer to understanding what fathers want and need in an intervention program tailored to them.

Read more about this study in the .

Jennifer M. Grossman, Ph.D., is a senior research scientist who leads the Family, Sexuality, and Communication Research Initiative at the 妻友社区.

The pandemic has altered family life in unexpected ways. now that they鈥檝e gotten a chance to slow down; more people are ; and . Parents鈥� conversations with their teens about dating and relationships, and their monitoring of their teens鈥� behavior, have also changed.

My research team 鈥� which included WCW Associate Research Scientist Lisette M. DeSouza, Ph.D., WCW Research Associate Amanda M. Richer, and Alicia Doyle Lynch, Ph.D., of Lynch Research Associates 鈥� surveyed 328 parents of high school students throughout the U.S. between March and June of this year. We asked questions about how they communicated with their teens about dating and relationships before schools closed due to COVID-19 as compared to afterwards. We also asked questions about their stress levels and whether and how they monitored their teens鈥� behavior.

What we found was a significant drop in parent-teen communication about dating and relationships once COVID hit. This makes sense: parents reported higher stress levels as many deal with sick family members, essential work requirements, financial difficulties, and the general anxiety of the pandemic, which likely leads them to focus on the immediate day-to-day needs of their families and put off these types of conversations. And with many teens stuck at home, parents may assume that relationships and physical intimacy in particular are on hold, so the need to talk about them is not as critical.

For example, one parent explained, 鈥淗aving the added stress of constantly being together, and now having to not only be his parent, but his makeshift teacher, and then trying to talk about serious things too, has all been just too much.鈥� Another parent shared, 鈥淭he fact that kids are not interacting, thus there is no "dating" taking place, which is a little bit more difficult to talk about and put in context when it isn't happening.鈥�

We also found an interesting change in gender roles among heterosexual parents. Mothers reported having fewer conversations with their teens about dating and relationships, and fathers reported monitoring their teens鈥� behavior more closely than before the pandemic. This increase in fathers鈥� monitoring may in part reflect fathers鈥� shift from working outside the home to being at home during the pandemic (61% of fathers made this transition compared to 39% of mothers). While mothers are still monitoring and communicating more than fathers, it may be that since many fathers are spending more time at home, parents鈥� roles have shifted, and fathers are taking a more active part in their teens鈥� lives.

More research is needed to delve into what this data means, but it鈥檚 an important reminder that parenting roles aren鈥檛 set in stone. Sometimes a crisis can prompt unpredictable and even positive changes. The way parents have communicated with and monitored their teens in the past doesn鈥檛 necessarily dictate their future actions. Thinking outside the box can help; though mothers are often assumed to be the ones in charge of having these conversations, my research has shown that fathers play an important role, as do .

October is National Family Sexuality Education Month, which is as good a time as any to reassess family communication about dating and relationships. Even if teens are at home, they鈥檙e likely chatting with peers online, and may be forming new relationships or continuing existing ones. They may have different questions now about what鈥檚 appropriate or comfortable in a relationship. Maybe it鈥檚 time to start a conversation with them, and consider with fresh eyes who might have that conversation.

Jennifer Grossman, Ph.D., is a senior research scientist who leads the Family, Sexuality, and Communication Research Initiative at the 妻友社区.

October is Month, part of a national campaign to encourage families to talk with teens about sex and relationships. In March 2013, I shared tips on how parents can talk with their teens about sex. Today, I鈥檓 going to pass on some reasons why talking with middle schoolers about sex is important and how this may support younger teens鈥� health.

Here鈥檚 what鈥檚 important to know:

Almost one-third of teens have sex by 9th grade. A recent nationwide study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 28% of girls and 32% of boys reported having had sex by the 9th grade.

Early sex puts teens at risk for poor school and health outcomes. Teens who have sex at an early age are more likely to drop out of school, get a sexually transmitted infection, or have an unintended pregnancy than teens who wait until they are older to have sex.

Talking with teens about sex can make a difference. Parents talking with teens about sex and relationships can make it more likely that teens will wait to have sex and, when they do have sex, that they will use protection.

It鈥檚 important to talk with teens before they have sex. Research tells us that it is critical for teens to learn about sexual issues from a trusted adult before they have sex.

Here's what we learned from our evaluation of ,* a comprehensive middle school sex education program:

Sex education that supports parent-teen conversations about sex and relationships can help to delay sex. In schools where the Get Real sex education program was taught, 16% fewer boys and 15% fewer girls had sex compared to boys and girls in schools that taught . This means that sex education during middle school can support teens鈥� sexual health.

Don鈥檛 forget to talk with your sons about sex! Boys who completed Get Real family activities in the 6th grade鈥攚hich focused on a wide range of issues, from anatomy to relationship values鈥攚ere more likely to delay sex in 8th grade than boys who didn鈥檛 complete them. Many parents talk with their daughters about sex earlier and more often than their sons. Talking with sons early and often can help to support their sexual health, too.

Communication is key! Let鈥檚 Talk!

Jennifer Grossman, Ph.D. is a research scientist at the at . She co-directed an evaluation of a middle school sex education curriculum and leads a project investigating sex communication in the nuclear family and beyond and the implications for health interventions.

* Comprehensive Sex Education That Works is a middle school program, developed by the , that delivers accurate, age-appropriate information and emphasizes healthy relationship skills and family involvement.

March is Talk with Your Teen about Sex Month. Why talk about sex with our kids?

In her recent talk at 妻友社区 College, Cecile Richards, President of Planned Parenthood Federation of America, reminded us that for their children. National studies agree. When parents talk about sex with their kids, it can help them postpone having sex and make it more likely teens will use protection when they do have sex. Our research at 妻友社区 found that this is particularly important in delaying sex for boys.

Here are some take-home messages from our own and others鈥� research on how parents and teens talk about sex and relationships. The quotes are from our interviews with parents of middle school students.

鈥淚鈥檓 willing to go there with her (talk about sex), because I know that I had trouble speaking with my mom about it when I was younger. So I know I need to be there and play that role. And if I don鈥檛 talk to her about it, she鈥檒l find out on her own, and that鈥檚 not the way that I want that to happen.鈥�

Why is it so hard for us to talk to our kids about sex?

鈥淚t鈥檚 hard for me to say, 鈥榃ell this is how your penis works.鈥� You know? Okay, I鈥檒l try to figure it out and I don鈥檛 want to sound stupid in front of the kid.鈥�

- Parents often feel embarrassed and may not know how to start conversations about sex
- Parents don鈥檛 know where to get accurate information to share with their kids
- Kids are embarrassed too, but it鈥檚 important for them to hear from you
- Once you start (even with a small conversation), it will get easier

How do we do it? Tips on talking with teens about sex

鈥淵ou鈥檙e basically informing them and, you know, letting them know that you鈥檙e there. And then you kind of just have to take it as it comes, because you never know what鈥檚 going to happen.鈥�

- Figure out what鈥檚 important to you and share it with your kids
- Listen to what your kids have to say (or what they may have trouble saying)
- Keep the door open 鈥� sometimes the first conversation is just an icebreaker
- Give your kids medically accurate information about sex
-

Who can help?

鈥淗e still talks about things that he learned in (sex education) class. He still makes a reference to it when we鈥檙e talking about things. One of the funny things that doesn鈥檛 happen anymore is any reference to sex, we don鈥檛 shy away from it if it does come up. He鈥檚 just more accepting that it鈥檚 a part of life at this point.鈥�

- Just because you didn鈥檛 talk about sex growing up with your own family, doesn鈥檛 mean you can鈥檛 talk with your own kids about sex
- Even when you鈥檙e embarrassed, you can still have good conversations with your teens about sex
- You are not alone

• o Think about friends and family you trust who can be part of the conversation (e.g., aunts, uncles, older siblings, godparents)

o Find out if your teen has a sex education class at school and ask your teen about it
o Here are some resources for information and support to talk to your teens about sex:

Jennifer Grossman, Ph.D. is a research scientist at the 妻友社区. She co-directs an evaluation of a middle school sex education curriculum and leads a project investigating what works and what gets in the way of family communication about sexuality among diverse families.