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I鈥檓 embarrassed to admit this, but before the , I had not connected the proximity of the Roe v. Wade decision and the passage of Title IX.

Yes, of course, I knew that Title IX was June 23, 1972. And that Roe v. Wade was 1973 (Jan. 22). But I had always held them as separate historic events that unfolded as I hit middle school.

Now, the 鈥�50-year anniversary鈥� reminder attached to each has brought this temporal proximity (seven months) into view. Today these watershed events look less like sturdy partners on the road to gender equality and more like moments that foreshadowed a fraught present.

Roe v. Wade and Title IX bore the stamp of the times. Which was not to address inequality, but鈥攍ike female athletes forced to re-use men鈥檚 sweaty athletic tape and wear their old uniforms and equipment, as 鈥攖o jerry-rig something that let women shove a foot in the door.

And shove a foot in the door they did. Thanks to Roe v. Wade, women鈥檚 labor participation rose from 43.3 percent in 1970 to 57.4 percent in 2019 while men鈥檚 declined from 79.7 percent to 69.2 percent, according to federal data. However, the pandemic revealed the precariousness of such advances as left the workforce amid of an on wellbeing.

Like Roe v. Wade (rooted in the right to privacy and not actual gender equality) Title IX sought to address a problem鈥攅ducational access鈥攚ithout disrupting what had been built for men.

Recently, Treasury Secretary that the end of Roe v. Wade would 鈥渟et women back decades.鈥� Already, we have heard suggestions that women who get abortions be charged with murder (for now, ; charges against a Texas woman were ). What鈥檚 more, we had to hear an Ohio state legislator proclaim that forcing a rape victim to bear a child would offer her an 鈥�.鈥�

Nowhere have I heard about men鈥檚 responsibility in the abortion debate. Or new obligations or restrictions on their bodies.

Which brings me to Title IX. Like Roe v. Wade (rooted in the right to privacy and not actual gender equality) Title IX sought to address a problem鈥攅ducational access鈥攚ithout disrupting what had been built for men.

Although Title IX was passed in 1972, regulations were not issued until 1975. Then, President Gerald Ford (a college football player) wrote to House and Senate leaders to welcome hearings as NCAA leaders voiced fears that the law 鈥渨ould signal the end of intercollegiate programs as we have known them for decades.鈥� To be clear: Debate around Title IX was most concerned with preserving the sanctity of men鈥檚 sports.

Today, we face the consequences of a system built on the sex segregation of sport, that , but rather gave rise to a complex set of rules around access and progress. Still, women have made strides. Most notably, U.S. Soccer recently agreed to provide and World Cup prize money.

Yet, at the same time some female athletes get their just rewards, we face the question of how to include transgender athletes. It is a challenge to the sex-segregated structure of sport that has been waiting to unfold.

In some ways, this is nothing new. The International Olympic Committee and individual sport federations with it for years, puzzling over the necessity (or not) of surgery, hormone replacement regimens, and measuring testosterone levels so athletes may compete in the gender category that aligns with their identity.

Gender, biological sex, and the definition of a "physical advantage" are more complex than they appear on the surface. Which attributes are a boon varies depending on the sport. It鈥檚 no surprise that those physically endowed in some manner may have an edge.

Yet, given the public dominance of traditional male sports, it鈥檚 easy to forget that sports can be endlessly flexible. They are socially constructed. We may, at any time, at any level, organize, score, or arrange things differently. (Until 2004, was played to 15 points, 11 for women鈥檚 singles. Now, all go to 21.) If we can create handicap systems and weight classes, each sport can find a fair way for all to compete. We could have co-gendered competitions, trans-specific or trans-integrated sports.

Title IX, like Roe v. Wade, looked like a tremendous win. And it was. But, before we further fuel a in women鈥檚 sports, let鈥檚 recognize that we are bearing the backlash of legal strides, however wonderful, that never fully guaranteed women鈥檚 equality with men. Half a century on, it鈥檚 time to demand more.

Throughout the month of June, we鈥檒l be exploring some of the new frontiers of Title IX here on Women Change Worlds.

Laura Pappano is writer-in-residence at the 妻友社区. An experienced journalist who writes about education and gender equity issues in sports, she has been published in The New York Times, The Hechinger Report, USA Today, The Atlantic, The Boston Globe, The Washington Post, and The Christian Science Monitor, among other publications. She is working on a book about parent activism in public schools.

For years it was a secret: that we had lives outside of work.

Thirty years ago, I dashed into the Massachusetts State House to interview the lieutenant governor, sat, opened a notebook鈥攁nd a Cheerio fell off my blazer. I was mortified.

In those days, 鈥渏uggling鈥� was done with guilt. As a society, we debated whether women 鈥渃ould do both,鈥� that is, be a parent and a professional. There is 鈥�,鈥� of course, an invention that codifies the failure of the American workplace.

The pandemic鈥攊ronically enough鈥攎ay finally give us the opportunity to correct historic and structural problems with how work works.

That is not to say that the last nearly two years have not been tough. Working women with children and/or caretaking roles have been hit hard.

According to the U.S. Census, were not working in April 2020. A of 5,000 women conducted from November 2020 to March 2021 found 77 percent reporting an increased pandemic workload even as two-thirds also reported bearing the greatest role in household tasks.

More than half felt less optimistic about their career, citing physical and mental health tolls. Fifty-seven percent planned to leave their current job within two years.

This data (and there鈥檚 more) underscore the burden on women that we have long known about, but ignored. Rather than address the root issue, society leaned harder on women, expecting them to tap their creativity, energy, and endurance to keep it all going. (By 鈥渨omen鈥� I refer not to biology, but to the gender role often occupied by females.)

. . . when women entered the workforce in increasing numbers in the 1960s-1980s, they did it on men鈥檚 terms, beginning a frustrating effort to 鈥渂e taken seriously.鈥� That issue has not faded . . .

Arlie Hochschild created a sensation when she published 鈥淭he Second Shift鈥� in 1989. But decades later, little has changed. This is because modern-day, post-Industrial Revolution work is structured with men in mind, from the timing of meetings to conventions of what a 鈥渓eader鈥� looks, sounds, and acts like (talking over others and peacocking your dominance).

Rather than challenge the structure, when women entered the workforce in increasing numbers in the 1960s-1980s, they did it on men鈥檚 terms, beginning a frustrating effort to 鈥渂e taken seriously.鈥� That issue has not faded, and , , and columns have repeatedly returned to the challenge鈥攁s if doing the work itself wasn鈥檛 enough.

Despite passage of laws, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin), the problem persisted. After all, it took a long time鈥攁nd much debate鈥攖o shake the belief that we needed sex-separate 鈥渉elp wanted鈥� ads or that, as a July 30, 1970 New York Times headline put it, 鈥溾��

When Title VII first went into effect, an official with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assigned to enforce the law insisted that it was not their task 鈥渢o get on our charger to overturn patterns.鈥� Yet patterns were (and are) exactly the problem. The New York Times wrote of 鈥渆xperts in sex discrimination鈥� flummoxed by 鈥渢he Bunny Problem鈥濃�攈ow would the new law manage if a man applied for a job as a bunny at a Playboy Club?鈥攗nder the August 20, 1965 headline, 鈥淔or Instance, Can She Pitch for Mets?鈥�

Such talk by officials and reportage by The New York Times now looks embarrassing. But it reveals the ingrained beliefs that we need to have sharp lines between women and men when it comes to work. Even if those lines have softened, a gender power differential remains in many fields. One has only to recall #MeToo coverage or examine the gender wage gap.

The pandemic offers us a reset button. We have been forced to work differently. We cannot un-see what we saw on Zoom.

To this last point, the Boston Women鈥檚 Workforce Council, whose analysis uses wage data from actual companies, reveals an ongoing issue. Interestingly, it tracks wage gaps by job role; the only positions in which women鈥檚 pay is comparable to men鈥檚, according to the , are 鈥淟aborers/Helpers鈥� and 鈥淎dministrative Support Workers.鈥�

The pandemic offers us a reset button. We have been forced to work differently. We cannot un-see what we saw on Zoom. People have lives that are busy and complicated. Employers have been forced to trust employees to work away from the geography of the office and the gaze of supervisors. They learned that people, on their own, are actually quite productive.

Workers have also discovered there is more to one鈥檚 identity and life than work. We are now keenly aware that we have one life鈥攁nd that things can change radically at any moment. We must use our time for stuff that matters. Work must now fit alongside other elements of life, not at the dominant center.

In November, a record . Anyone who dines out or shops understands that the customer is no longer always right. It is a privilege to be served.

Employers everywhere are now in competition for talent. This alters the balance of power. It changes work conventions, such as how meetings run, who must be there, what the 鈥渨orkday鈥� looks like, how power operates (no bonus points for hanging out at the office).

Let us hope it means an end to the 鈥渕ommy track鈥� mentality. The very notion that women with childcare responsibilities must degrade their ambition now looks repugnant. Or, taking away the moral layer, dumb.

It is telling that a in Brooklyn includes childcare. Men in leadership have long had flexibility in their work schedules (golf, anyone?). Why shouldn鈥檛 we all build in time for relationships and renewal?

America鈥檚 economy cannot afford to require people to choose between ambition and parenthood (or other caretaking). They are both part of life. The pandemic has been painful and exhausting. It鈥檚 not over yet. The past 20 months have been about survival, but they have also been about invention. In 2022, we must finally build a better workscape.

This does not mean replacing a male-normed workplace with a female-normed workplace. Rather, it means truly un-gendering jobs and work鈥攁nd seeing one another not as employees or job functions, but as fellow human beings fully capable of both feeding a toddler Cheerios and writing a political profile.

Laura Pappano is writer-in-residence at the 妻友社区. An experienced journalist who writes about education and gender equity issues in sports, she has been published in The New York Times, The Hechinger Report, USA Today, The Atlantic, The Boston Globe, The Washington Post, and Christian Science Monitor, among other publications.

No one looks for a job in a newspaper鈥檚 鈥淗elp Wanted鈥� section anymore. But some 50 years after the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions in 1968 said that listing jobs under 鈥渕ale鈥� and 鈥渇emale鈥� headings was illegal, the psychological divide lingers 鈥� in sports.

Women remain underrepresented in Fortune 500 C-suites, and despite the wave of women elected to public office last November (including ), in Congress. Still, no one doubts that females can lead companies 鈥� or government.

In these areas 鈥� and others, including the military 鈥� we are past believing women鈥檚 biological differences disqualify them. It turns out that periods and hormones are not what cause dangerous and impulsive leadership. (Note: figured out pre-Trump.)

But scan the athletic landscape 鈥� following decades of girls and women playing sports at all levels in growing numbers 鈥� and you see a dearth of female coaches.

It鈥檚 long been a in women鈥檚 college sports in the post-Title IX era, dropping from over 90 percent to under 50 percent now. Some of this is obvious: Pre-Title IX women physical education teachers and coaches were the only ones organizing sports for women. When money and the NCAA arrived on the scene, so did more men.

What鈥檚 concerning is the recent history. Since the low point in 2006 when just 42.2 percent of women鈥檚 teams were coached by women, it has ticked up just slightly. Nearly every NCAA men鈥檚 team has a male head coach.

Research has tried to identify barriers faced by female coaches. Commonly cited: juggling a demanding schedule with raising a family.

But how can this be such a pervasive dampener when in fields from surgery to military leadership (with deployment!) women and their partners are figuring it out? More likely, , 鈥渢hese negative experiences could be indicators that something is lacking in the system.鈥� You think?

Long after women started leading in other fields, sports is struggling to slip the straightjacket of masculinity. Coaching is still perceived as a 鈥渕an鈥檚 job.鈥�

Yet, coaching is not about brawn so much as brainy leadership abilities (think Bill Belichick of the New England Patriots who never played a day of pro football), knowledge of the game, strategic insights, team dynamics and management, player and group motivation.

If men who never played a sport can coach it, why can鈥檛 women who did? If women can run companies and countries, why not teams? The idea is finally gaining traction 鈥� of all places, in the NBA.

NBA Commissioner that the NBA will be the first male pro sports league to hire a female head coach 鈥� and has said there was no reason that a woman could not coach male pro athletes. In 2017, an ESPN reporter that, 鈥淲hen it comes to coaching鈥� there is absolutely no physical requirement鈥� and that 鈥渢here is absolutely no reason why a woman will not ascend to be a head coach in this league."

LeBron James agrees: "I mean, listen, at the end of the day, basketball ... it's not about male or female. You know the game, you know the game," last spring.

But in a November story for SB Nation, 鈥�,鈥� Tim Struby, quoted a veteran NBA coach who said that, 鈥淚n our society there are men uncomfortable working under women and a handful of our players would have a problem with it.鈥�

Which is, when you get right down to it, not so different from the 1960s when 鈥淗elp Wanted鈥� was sorted by gender, not by your qualifications.

If the NBA can make strides 鈥� last spring the Milwaukee Bucks interviewed Becky Hammon, a former WNBA star and assistant coach of the San Antonio Spurs, for the head coaching job 鈥� for the top post of a men鈥檚 pro sport.

She didn鈥檛 get it, but it got people talking. Other NBA teams 鈥� Dallas Mavericks, Los Angeles Clippers, Washington Wizards and Greensboro Swarm (affiliate of the Charlotte Hornets) 鈥� all have women working in assistant coaching jobs.

It鈥檚 not very many, of course. But it begs the question: Shouldn鈥檛 NCAA teams 鈥� women鈥檚 and men鈥檚 鈥� work harder to level the coaching field given that they are educational institutions whose core mission is to prepare students 鈥� of both sexes 鈥� for future careers?

Laura Pappano is writer-in-residence at the 妻友社区 and was a leader of the Women鈥檚 Sports Leadership Project. She is an award-winning journalist, co-author of Playing with the Boys (2008), and for seven years, she edited the blog, now an archive.

We don鈥檛 live in an 鈥渆ither/or鈥� world. Most non-sport institutions get this. It鈥檚 why Starbucks has unisex bathrooms, why there are forms to change your gender on government documents, why there is even a concept of 鈥減referred pronouns.鈥�

But athletics remains stubbornly committed to a male-female dichotomy. Enforcement of that rigid divide is again causing a stir. Last month, the International Association of Athletics Federations (the I.A.A.F.) issued that will take effect in November requiring some female athletes 鈥� those with naturally elevated testosterone 鈥� to take medication to suppress those hormones.

The requirement applies to females the IAAF describes as 鈥渁thletes with differences in sexual development鈥� (they call it 鈥淒SD鈥�) and only to middle-distance running events between 400 meters and the mile. Athletes would have to take the medication for six months prior to the Olympic and international events the rules govern.

The IAAF said the rules hope to ensure 鈥渇air and meaningful competition within the .鈥� Higher levels of testosterone provide an advantage in speed, power, and endurance, said the IAAF, giving an unfair advantage to these hyperandrogenic athletes.

Reasonable, right? After all, transgender female athletes competing in women鈥檚 events must undergo hormone therapy to lower testosterone levels.

Yet it鈥檚 one thing to decide to transition and another to be forced to change. Perhaps the problem is the guardianship of 鈥渢he female classification鈥�? It鈥檚 true that a 2017 study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (commissioned by the IAAF), found that athletes with 鈥渆levated testosterone levels gained a competitive advantage from 1.78 percent to 4.53 percent,鈥� in the hammer throw, the pole vault, the 400 meter, the 400 meter hurdles and the 800 meter.

The new rule, however, applies to running events, not the hammer throw or pole vault.

The rule also has a personal 鈥� even cultural or racial 鈥� sheen. That鈥檚 because there is no way to consider this rule without looking at the consequences for South African middle-distance runner and two-time 800-meter Olympic champion , criticized for her muscular physique and deep voice. Since she burst onto the scene in 2009 as an 18-year-old who broke a South African record at the African Junior National Championships, and then won the world title in Berlin, there have been questions about the 鈥渦nfairness鈥� of her natural physical gifts. (In Berlin, she was reportedly subjected to sex testing).

Semenya has also undergone public sex-questioning, including news reports citing unnamed sources describing her sex organs. 鈥淕od made me the way I am and I accept myself. I am who I am and I am proud of myself,鈥� she tweeted on May 1.

Indian sprinter also has suffered public questions and humiliation. In 2014 at the Glasgow Games, she was pulled aside and not allowed to compete. Offered medical 鈥渢reatment,鈥� she refused. She appealed to the Court of Arbitration, which in 2015 ruled that Chand could compete. The court suspended the IAAF鈥檚 hyperandrogenism rules, citing 鈥渋nsufficient evidence about the degree of the advantage鈥� the condition provided.

This is presumably why the IAAF rules now dig into ranges of performance advantage in terms of muscle strength and hemoglobin associated with elevated testosterone levels. While Chand is not affected by the new rules as a sprinter, Semenya certainly is. Two weeks ago, South African law professor from the IAAF鈥檚 tribunal, stating that he could not associate with 鈥渁n organization that insists on ostracizing certain individuals, all of them female, for no reason other than being what they were born to be.鈥�

His point: Who defines 鈥渇emale鈥�? How 鈥渇emale鈥� must one be to be 鈥渇emale鈥�? Men in the sport world do not face scrutiny of their physical gifts or surveillance of their hormone levels. At what point is this about biological conformity and social norms? At what point is enforcing a dichotomy 鈥� male/female 鈥� a failed approach?

Last month, in Journal of Sports Sciences analyzed Semenya鈥檚 actual times, finding they 鈥渨ere 1.24 percent and 1.49 percent faster than the predicted performance in 800m finals.鈥� That relatively small percentage confuses the male-female divisions even more.

Wrote the authors: 鈥淭he present study indicates that the percentage difference in performance between women with and women without hyperandrogenism does not reach the 3 percent difference requested by the Court of Arbitration for Sport for the reinstatement of the Hyperandrogenism Regulations, neither does it reach the 10 percent accepted range of difference in performance between men and women.鈥�

Is hyperandrogenism an advantage? Yes. Is it more of an advantage than other naturally-occurring physical gifts athletes enjoy? Unclear. Is it 鈥渇air鈥� that Michael Phelps has size 14 feet, double-jointed ankles, and a prodigious wingspan? That Usain Bolt is 6鈥�5鈥�?

If testosterone is the game-changer, then eschew 鈥渕ale鈥� and 鈥渇emale鈥� and re-classify athletes based on testosterone levels 鈥� like weight classes in wrestling. Or create some other structure. Otherwise what we are doing here 鈥� without naming it 鈥� is demanding biological conformity to a Western view of what it means to be a woman.

Laura Pappano is writer-in-residence at the 妻友社区 and was a leader of the Women鈥檚 Sports Leadership Project. She is an award-winning journalist, co-author of Playing with the Boys (2008), and for seven years, she edited the blog, now an archive.

As I reflected earlier this month on , it felt different this year. Rather than a pumped-up opportunity to celebrate strides鈥攖he sweat, guts, and proficiency of female athletes鈥攎y conscience urges reflection.

I can鈥檛 write about National Girls & Women in Sports Day or the Winter Olympics which opened this week without considering the abuse of young gymnasts by Lawrence Nassar, former doctor for the national team. So far, 140 (140!!!!) women and girls have the guise of 鈥渢reatment.鈥� Somehow their voices were pervasively and effectively muted, disregarded or explained away. Coaches, athletic training programs, and facilities and that exalted sports governing body鈥攖he Olympic Committee鈥攆ailed to protect these athletes from a monster.

Yet this is not merely a question of 鈥渟peaking up鈥� but the problem of whose voice matters. For years, it was Larry Nassar鈥檚. To those young women caught in the broken culture of gymnastics, abuse was the 鈥減rice鈥� for the opportunity to compete at the highest levels.

Athletic excellence requires sacrifice, but it鈥檚 not communicated well enough what, exactly, that entails and where the lines should be drawn. We need to nail that. We are living in an era of outcomes. The final, shining product, the result, is what dominates our attention. It has made us less interested in the messy 鈥渉ow鈥� and less focused on the unquantifiable value of the process. And, less willing to hear upsetting or complicating information. Yet, culture must be built from the inside out and the bottom up. On the balance beam or off.

This is just as critical for sports as it is in other fields. It is not enough to celebrate wins. We must ask how they were earned. How was it made? The #MeToo movement is pressing the matter, not just in movies and on TV news desks, but , as many wonder about adding an asterisk and explanation beside the work of egregious sexual harassers. This is interesting on a number of levels, not the least of which is recognition that solo brilliance may not be solo鈥攁nd, or鈥攖hat in a time when simplicity (鈥渂uild the wall鈥�) has anchored political decision-making, that we crave complexity. All is not quick or easy.

Sports鈥攊n highlights鈥攔eflect split-second plays. One key move. But athletic endeavors are the culmination of multiple inputs, of practice, advice, persistence, teaching, cheering, anger, love. And every part matters. This is to say that we must pay attention to our system of sport. Which unearths another explosive conversation. Last month, in the Los Angeles Times by a professor and former track athlete, Victoria Jackson, argued, as the headline put it, that 鈥淐ollege Sports are like Jim Crow.鈥� It inspired viral debate.

The pointed issue鈥攗npaid black male athletes in football and basketball raking in revenues that fund 鈥渨hite鈥� sports like swimming (and women鈥檚 sports) 鈥攊s not new (check out a 2012 paper, 鈥淪tudent Athlete鈥�). The matter of whether to pay or not pay revenue-producing male NCAA athletes is the leading edge of a bigger conversation: What is the purpose of college sports?

But the very fact that we can clearly delineate 鈥渂lack sports鈥� and 鈥渨hite sports鈥� is not an accident but something nurtured and presumed. If sports are more than athletic contests鈥攊f they have social, economic, and political value鈥攚e must care who gets to play.

If you look at 鈥攆or women鈥攊n 2016-2017, the latest NCAA data available, not a single black female athlete in Division I played squash or sailed (one skied and one played ice hockey). Black women are overrepresented in basketball (47 percent of players) and track (27 percent). We can make a list of 鈥渞easons鈥� why this is.

But if we care about who is on campus and what role they play there鈥攁nd then out in the world once they leave 鈥攁s we recognize National Girls and Women in Sports Day and cheer on athletes during the Winter Olympics, let鈥檚 begin the conversation about how to diversify sport. We must use this #MeToo spotlight to unravel old power structures and standard practices. It鈥檚 not just a problem on the men鈥檚 side. Let鈥檚 notice who is on the roster鈥攁nd who isn鈥檛. And let鈥檚 commit to doing something about it.

Journalist Laura Pappano is writer-in-residence at the 妻友社区 and was a leader of The Women鈥檚 Sports Leadership Project. For seven years, she edited the blog, now preserved as an archive.

When Arizona high school senior Becca Longo on Wednesday  for Division II Adams State University Football, it was notable for a key reason: She was getting paid.

Of course, she is not literally getting paid. But she is getting a scholarship to play. There is growing history of female athletes playing football at the college level, but it鈥檚 not clear that any others have been recruited and given an athletic scholarship.

, who played for Colorado and then New Mexico, walked on. And while in 2014 was recruited from Jeffersonville High in Indiana to play defensive back at in Kentucky, they play in the NAIA, which does not award scholarships. (Three years later, however, she is still on the roster as an active member of the team.

Why do scholarship dollars matter?

Symbolically it鈥檚 a big deal. Not only for the obvious problem women have getting paid the same money for the same work as men (the wage gap now stands at 82 cents to the dollar men earn). But the scholarship also begins to challenge an historic bias about how males and females view and participate in sports. Culturally, there is an assumption that men play to win and women play for fun and fitness, notions reinforced through the origins and structures of sport opportunities.

It has taken decades for female athletes to be viewed as individuals every bit as driven and intense as their male counterparts. The scholarship helps make that case for one simple reason: When coaches recruit, they don鈥檛 waste money. They are picking talent and assembling the elements of their team with a goal of winning.

Credit Adams State coach, former Arizona Cardinals quarterback Timm Rosenbach.  He told media that he just picked a player he thought could compete. 鈥淚 see her as a football player who earned it,鈥� he said. 鈥淪he has a strong leg and can be very accurate.鈥� Last season Longo made 30 of 33 point-after kicks and a 30-yard field goal

When Hnida in 2003 became the first female to score an extra point in an NCAA Division I game (she actually scored two, against Texas State), it was seen as a stunning event. More than a dozen years later, Longo鈥檚 recruitment is more noteworthy than shocking.

We are 鈥� at long last 鈥� becoming acclimated to the talent and intensity of female athletes. It is not a freak occurrence to see women excel. It鈥檚 sinking in that high-level ability can be developed, trained and practiced. Why shouldn鈥檛 a 5鈥�11鈥� 140-pound athlete with a powerful leg and strong mental make-up kick field goals?

Just consider the arching bombs that female soccer players launch down a field toward a net. Aim over uprights and a boundary is breached.

Longo鈥檚 signing marks progress in the cultural understanding that women 鈥� as well as men 鈥� can be dazzling athletes worth real money. (NCAA women鈥檚 tournament basketball game UConn vs. Mississippi State, anyone?)>

Yet even as Longo鈥檚 name was hurriedly added to the Wikipedia 鈥渇emale American football players鈥� entry, one notes that the . The reasons for girls and women not to play football 鈥� aside from reasons no one should 鈥� reflect a stubborn gender bias about what is 鈥渁ppropriate鈥� and what is not, particularly when we are talking about kickers.

Journalist  is writer-in-residence at the and was a leader of The Women鈥檚 Sports Leadership Project. For seven years, she edited the FairGameNews blog, now preserved as an .

I鈥檓 not an athletic purist, one who finds poetry in the elemental mano-a-mano competition of strength, agility and smarts (sigh, yes, I know there鈥檚 strategy) of boxing and , which include grappling moves. Honestly, I just don鈥檛 enjoy seeing people beat, punch or twist the crap out of one another. Period.

That aside, I appreciate what is doing these days. When you consider that the estimates we are 43 years away from wage parity with men, Ms. Rousey deserves credit for speeding things up.

In 2012, she became the first woman signed by Ultimate Fighting Championship, the largest mixed martial arts promotion company in the world, and three years later claims to be the UFC鈥檚 highest paid fighter. of , who compiles the list of highest-paid female athletes, puts Rousey at #8 for 2015 with $6.5 million in earnings, including $3 million in salary (the other $3.5 million from endorsement deals plus a bestselling book and three movies).

Mind you, his calculations came out before the Ms. Rousey鈥檚 blockbuster UFC193 November 2015 fight against Holly Holm, which drew 56,215 to Etihad Stadium in Melbourne, Australia, the largest crowd ever for a UFC event. It was also the third most purchased UFC pay-per-view event, attracting more than 1.1 million buyers.

Despite the pre-match promotions and expectation that Ms. Rousey would continue her rampage, the fight turned out not to be a female version of The Thrilla in Manilla. Ms. Holm won 鈥� quickly -- stunning everyone who had expected Ms. Rousey to continue the dominance that had her winning 11 matches in the first round.

There remain troubling inequalities in men鈥檚 and women鈥檚 combat sports. When women box at the Olympics in Rio 鈥� women鈥檚 boxing debuted in the modern era at the 2012 London Olympics -- there will be three events to the men鈥檚 10. And in classic Olympic Committee style women鈥檚 competitions are slightly shorter than the men鈥檚. There will be four 2-minutes rounds, while the men will have three 3-minute rounds (men get an extra minute!).

Yet, women鈥檚 fights have gained legitimacy and come a long way from the days of mud wrestling. The emergence of mixed martial arts as a spectator sport 鈥� and UFC as a forum 鈥� are just over two decades old. Where mud wrestling 鈥� not actually a sport 鈥� was a 1980s phenomenon about the sex appeal of barely clad women grappling in brown goo, UFC is not titillating in the least.

Ms. Rousey, the MMA competitor, hardly evokes the version of herself with the blonde trusses wearing the painted-on swimsuit in the new Sports Illustrated issue. Which is to say, you never know where progress toward gender equality in sports will come from 鈥� or the complications such a boost will offer. Feminism can demand purity, much as boxing fans focus on the base beauty of the physical human contest.

Some celebrate Ms. Rousey as the quintessential feminist while others see her as a traitor. When asked by an Australian reporter about gender pay equity in sports, she didn鈥檛 offer an ideological frame 鈥� or much sympathy. Rather, , 鈥淚 think that how much you get paid should have something to do with how much you bring in.鈥�

She added that, 鈥淚鈥檓 the highest-paid fighter not because Dana and Lorenzo wanted to do something nice for the ladies. They do it because I bring in the highest numbers. They do it because I make them the most money. And I think the money that they make should be proportionate to the money they bring in.鈥�

There are a thousand reasons why it鈥檚 more complicated than this for women in sports as well as other jobs and career fields. But as we celebrate , it is a reminder that gains are not always neat, intended or harmonious. And sometimes we win even when we don鈥檛 mean to.

Journalist  is writer-in-residence at the and a leader of The Women鈥檚 Sports Leadership Project. For seven years, she edited the FairGameNews blog, now preserved as an archive.

We are in a fresh feminist moment, highlighted thanks to . Hang with me while I explain.

It is obviously ridiculous that the payout to the U.S. Women鈥檚 Soccer team for the World Cup victory is $2 million; the German men got $35 million last year. The $2 million is almost cute, considering it鈥檚 the same amount as for his vote to make Qatar the 2022 World Cup site.

For a long time money has measured worth. I鈥檓 sure Warner, , and others could prattle on about why women don鈥檛 deserve a big payday: women鈥檚 sports are not big time. When you consider low ticket prices, turf fields (rather than grass), shabby player treatment (competitors stuffed into the same hotels and practice venues), it hardly looks like the big-money (men鈥檚) World Cup event of July 2014.

For years, FIFA has treated the Women鈥檚 World Cup as an afterthought. When the U.S. women last won, in 1999, there was so little publicity that people only found out because Brandi Chastain whipped off her jersey, spurring debate about whether it was appropriate to show a sports bra in public.

Things are changing. The fashion forward will note that bras have officially become shirts (now they鈥檙e called 鈥渂ralettes.鈥�). The Women鈥檚 World Cup final became most watched televised soccer game in U.S. history. Commemorative t-shirts are selling out online. Carli Lloyd could earn $2 million (that number again!) just in commercial deals following her in the first few minutes of the game, the fastest ever in World Cup history.

Suddenly, rather than looking powerful, FIFA looks dumb and stale. For guys with a nose for cash, they are leaving a lot of it on the table. (You can鈥檛 watch a replay of Lloyd鈥檚 half-field goal online without viewing a commercial first.)

There is a big problem with the economics of how women are paid in sports (and elsewhere), which FIFA is helping to make obvious. I don鈥檛 want to say that money doesn鈥檛 matter (it does), but the U.S. women are playing out their power in a fresh feminist image that is a celebration of female skill and dominance. The effect is to make low wages look absurd. In much the same way that women have quietly come to own college campuses and advanced degrees, female athletes are demonstrating their clear-headed brilliance.

This isn鈥檛 about anger. It鈥檚 about proficiency鈥攐n the field and off. The U.S. Women鈥檚 World Cup win comes at a moment when . It comes as muscular Serena Williams is proving to be so dominant that I caught ESPN talking heads debating the other day if she might be the . Who was it? LeBron, Michael, or Serena?

We have reached this moment through an interesting d茅tente between old-time feminists and young women. We have don鈥檛 have to choose between sport girl or girly-girl: I saw an eight-year-old at a men鈥檚 soccer game wearing a party dress鈥攁nd cleats. This new feminism is about pink and sparkles and mettle, all at the same time. It is Serena tough. U.S. women driven. Amy Schumer sarcastic. And Taylor Swift nice.

Pop star Swift, like the U.S. women鈥檚 soccer team, has amassed a base of girl fans and built an empire by reaching out and preaching friendship, self-respect, and girl-to-girl support. She has embraced stuff that is sweet: cats and cookie baking. But don鈥檛 be fooled. She was the one who by threatening to withhold her album 1989 from iTunes (Apple fussed, then caved). That is power.

So when Swift invited the Women鈥檚 World Cup team to the stage before 60,000 fans during her concert at MetLife stadium following the team鈥檚 ticker tape parade in New York City, it was a visual demonstration of the new feminist might. It was women reaching out to one another and recognizing that success in one venue amplifies value in another. The bedazzled love鈥攁nd support鈥攕uits them both. Blatter once famously said that the only way to get people interested in women鈥檚 soccer was for the players to don very short shorts. Now, he鈥攁nd FIFA鈥攋ust look out of touch.

is writer-in-residence at 妻友社区, a journalist who frequently contributes to the New York Times, and author of several books including >

Did those female gym teachers back in the early 1900s actually have it right? No one wants to return to bloomers and half-court basketball, but the coalition of female physical educators who ran women鈥檚 sports and fought takeover by the NCAA (which took control of women鈥檚 college athletics in 1980) were onto something. Their message--that sport should be about self-development, social skills, and fair play--sounds pretty great right now.

They found competition unseemly (that's a problem), but their broad recognition of college sport as a life and community-building pursuit is worth a reprise given the mess that has become the NCAA-led college sports world.

Right now we鈥檙e in the midst of soul-searching about what college sports should look like. A spate of lawsuits ask about the 鈥渟tudent鈥� status of student-athletes and whether they should be paid. Last month, the five wealthiest conferences--Atlantic Coast, Big Ten, Big 12, Pacific-12, and Southeastern--began from many NCAA rules, gaining leeway to give more money to players. Where will this go? Will more universities develop athletes instead of scholars? (Some already do.) Will only marquis players get extra money? Will non-revenue-producing sports look expendable in a more commercialized environment?

The recently polled DI college leaders on their interest in exploring alternative models for competition and administration for some sports. Ambivalence won: 43 percent of respondents were interested; 37 percent weren鈥檛. There鈥檚 a lot to figure out--and little consensus on where to go.

The college sports debate, let鈥檚 be clear, is a male conversation. It is ruled by big-time sports--football and men鈥檚 basketball--and the economic disruption they have created in the academic system. This is about competition and money. No wonder Cardale Jones, the third-string quarterback who just led Ohio State to the inaugural National Championship, was confused when he arrived on campus. His : 鈥淲hy should we have to go to class if we came here to play FOOTBALL, we ain鈥檛 come to play SCHOOL, classes are POINTLESS.鈥�

If Cardale did not come to 鈥減lay SCHOOL,鈥� why should Ohio State--or any big time program--be other than a semi-pro team? While we鈥檙e here, what role should college football--with it's concussion and brain damage record--even have in higher education? The conflicts are moral, but dollars will rule.

The gym teachers saw athletics as integral to school; the problem today is precisely that they are not. High-powered programs with big revenues (most lose money, but a handful make a bundle) operate as independent commercial enterprises. The wealthy programs pay coaches what their peers in the NFL and the NBA earn. (Sometimes more!) Cardale Jones does have a point: He was brought to play football and bring money and success to the program. You can鈥檛 blame players for wanting to be paid. But is this the point of college sports?

As we celebrate , we typically cite participation statistics and recognize how far women have come. But we ought to value the ideological roots of women鈥檚 athletics, not as a shameful past of milk-and-cookies patsy play (though it was some of that), but for the wisdom of recognizing the hornet鈥檚 nest of unbridled high-stakes competition on what should be the virtues of athletics play in a college environment. The athletic field offers lessons in teamwork, leadership, persistence, skill-development, problem solving.

A study I did with colleagues Allison Tracy, Ph.D. and Sumru Erkut, Ph.D. showed that this message is getting lost. We gave 828 college recruiters a detailed survey to explore how they valued varsity sports experience in judging candidates for entry-level corporate jobs. They saw the obvious--college athletes excelled at teamwork, which they considered a key trait--but did not recognize skills such as time management and organization required to play college sports. Interestingly, they did not rate male or female athletes differently.

Anyone who has called herself an athlete recognizes the personal benefits of sport. Money has become a spoiler in the conversation (heck, --far from it). It鈥檚 time to see that the payoff of college sports can come without ESPN 鈥淕ame Day,鈥� academically questionable athletes, or coaches paid far more than the university president.

Find that value on women's teams, in locker rooms, and at games that garner little attention, but build durable skills. Sure it鈥檚 embarrassing to recall a beauty 鈥淨ueen of the Court鈥� crowned at halftime or college contests that mixed opposing players to limit competition and hard feelings. But maybe the men steering the future of college sports should consider the great goods that women and girls have been bringing to the games they play--for years.

Laura Pappano is the writer-in-residence at the at and an experienced journalist who writes about education and gender equity issues in sports.

This will be the first time that female athletes are allowed to compete in so it鈥檚 fitting that the open Thursday on the heels of National Girls and Women in Sports Day February 5th.

The satisfaction goes beyond the glow of victory after a long battle because access for female ski jumpers represents progress in the broader quest for gender equity. As in this case, athletics often carry meaning beyond the competition itself.

Sport is both a tool in the quest for political, social, and economic equality and a glass that magnifies the failings of fairness on a societal level. What happens on the field affects and reflects the world off the field (or the slope)-- and vice versa. The cascading events of the 1970s -- the rise of the women鈥檚 movement, passage of , and expanding sport and career opportunities-- express the relationship.

This is important, but well-trod territory. So three of us at WCW asked another question: How does this dynamic actually play out for the individual athlete?

Sports matter off the field, but precisely how do they matter? A study published in 2012 that drew data from polling alumni suggests a connection between college sports participation and higher earnings a decade after graduation. That data relies on a look back by those who had successfully navigated a career launch.

But how do recruiters on the front-end value a varsity credential? Does sports participation in college, for example, offer access to enter a corporate career?

Given the widespread assumption that sports are a steppingstone to business success, we wanted to know: What qualities do recruiters look for in new graduates, how are sports experiences evaluated, and do athletes have an advantage when being screened for an initial interview? Do male and female, black and white candidates fare equally?

We asked human resource professionals experienced in recruitment to complete a detailed online survey in which they selected from a list of eight leadership attributes the top four they seek in candidates, rate candidate profiles based on those qualities, and rank-order candidates to invite for an interview.

Recruiters received randomly generated profiles that varied sex (signaled by first name), race (signaled by African-American鈥搑elated extra-curricular activity or not), and leadership experience (athletic or non-athletic). Extracurricular activities were varied to reflect leadership experience in a non-athletic activity (such as Editor-in-Chief of the newspaper or representative to the Board of Trustees) or varsity athletic experience as either a top basketball or track athlete. Candidates had similar GPAs, majors, career interests, and research and work experiences.

Our findings showed that among the 828 recruiters who completed the survey, 72 percent identified 鈥渁bility to work in a team鈥� as among the top four attributes. Recruiters rated athletes over non-athletes on the ability to work in a team and being results-driven. This held true regardless of a candidate鈥檚 sex or the rater鈥檚 sex or involvement with athletics as a leisure pursuit. At the same time, athletes received lower ratings than non-athletes on organizational skills, critical thinking, follow-through on tasks, and transferable skills.

The results were surprising and interesting on a few levels. First, it was striking that female athletes got the same 鈥渃redit鈥� for participation as their male counterparts. Second, even as raters saw athletes as being the classic 鈥渢eam player鈥� and driven to produce results, they seemed unaware of organization skills college athletes need to juggle academics with daily practice, travel, etc. Third, while critical thinking skills may not be explicitly required of athletes, the lower rating suggests a 鈥渄umb jock鈥� stereotype at play given that all candidates had similar majors and GPAs. Raters also did not appear to recognize that the follow-through of athletic training and preparation, like a range of other skills, had transferrable value outside of sport.

What does this mean for the individual athlete?

The message is that even though it has nearly become a clich茅 for managers and corporate leaders to extoll the virtues of athletic participation, the recruiters who serve as gatekeepers screening resumes don鈥檛 see it 鈥� beyond the obvious 鈥渢eamwork鈥� credential. Our findings challenge athletes to better articulate just what they are learning on the sport field and how that can be translated off the field. Athletes also must address recruiter beliefs that they struggle with organization and critical thinking. They must also be explicit in describing how positive skills they hone in sport will be useful in the workplace.

Overall, there is notable good news. We found that female athletes received equal consideration as their male counterparts from raters selecting candidates for an interview. Yet, if the experience of playing a college sport builds skills that are valuable in the workplace, our results show that both male and female college athletes must better communicate that message to recruiters, who may have spent their college years in the stands.

Let the Games begin!

This article was contributed by Laura Pappano, Sumru Erkut, Ph.D. and Allison Tracy, Ph.D. Pappano, writer-in-residence at the (WCW) at , is an experienced journalist who writes about education and gender equity issues in sports. Research by Erkut, WCW associate director and senior research scientist, encompasses variations in the course of child and adult development. Tracy is a Senior Research Scientist and Methodologist at WCW, where she provides technical expertise in a wide range of statistical techniques used in the social sciences.

How perfect that (who invented this cumbersome name?) arrives as the military prepares to lift it鈥檚 ban on women serving in combat.

The barriers that women have faced to such service sound like the battle for equal access and treatment in sport.

How so?

Just step back and consider that the barriers, the arguments against women have focused on three central ideas (the three 鈥淚鈥檚鈥�): the presumption of women鈥檚 physical inferiority, the perceived immorality of women serving alongside men, and worry that women would be injured.

Drop those three I鈥檚 onto sport and those arguments 鈥� inferiority, immorality, and injury 鈥� have been the rhetoric used to limit and bar women from equal access to competition, whether it was 1970s Little League or ski jumping (finally to be included in the ).

In many countries, girls and women still to regular sports participation. In many urban areas, do not value or can鈥檛 afford to let daughters play sports.

This is not merely a problem of fitness, but of political, social, and economic equity. Sport is not just about play, but about parity.

When President Roosevelt signed the G.I. Bill of Rights on June 22, 1944, the of his public statement recognized 鈥渟ervice men and women鈥� in the opportunity to resume training and education. Reality looked different. Even women who flew B-26 Marauder medium bombers on service missions could be declared 鈥渘onveterans鈥� and made ineligible for benefits. Many in that generation of women didn鈥檛 get the government-funded college education they earned.

Women have been serving on the front lines. As the battlefield has become less clearly defined with danger available at most pay grades, it is time for women to have the same access to assignments and the economic and career benefits that come with combat-level commissions.

There is grumbling. Worries about (immorality) fail to recognize that are against men. That鈥檚 a problem of unacceptable behavior, not of gender. Injury? Unfortunately, women are already getting injured and even dying 鈥� alongside men.

The physical inferiority piece is more interesting. It raises questions of physiological differences and the relevant question: What do you really need to be able to do, physically, to perform?

In a recent story exploring how military fitness tests will change with the new admission of women, we learn that those are all under review. But Greg Jacob, former commander of the training school for enlisted Marines at Camp Geiger, N.C. points out that he saw women who couldn鈥檛 complete two pull-ups be able to pump out eight in a matter of months, 鈥渂ecause they were training to that standard.鈥�

Females have never before trained for combat. Just imagine what it will mean to have women push themselves physically to a new level. Remember the surge in performance following women being allowed to run the marathon?

Come to think of it, equal access to combat may be just the thing to bring women鈥檚 athletics to new heights.

Laura Pappano is writer-in-residence at the at , and an experienced journalist who writes about education and gender equity issues in sports. This post is courtesy of her blog, .